Final Definitions
sexual dimorphism
-the systematic difference between individuals of different
sex
sex
-biological difference between male and female
gender
-cultural difference between male and female or intermediate
and ambiguous forms
~ nature et. culture
-means of determining gender through
biological factors and cultural factors
sexuality
-the awareness of individuals as males or females
public vs. private
-women as caregivers remain at home (private)
-men, without the obligations of home care can venture out
into the world and engage in non-private matters (public)
kinship
-the kinship system includes people related both by descent
and
marriage
-Human kinship relations through marriage are commonly called
"affinity" in contrast to "descent" (also called "consanguinity")
descent group/unilineal/patrilineal/matrilineal/bilateral
(cognatic)/lineage/clan totem *from wikipedia
A descent group is a
social group whose members claim common ancestry. A
unilineal society is one in which the descent of an individual is reckoned
either from the mother's or the father's line of descent. With
matrilineal descent individuals belong to their mother's descent group.
Matrilineal descent includes the mother's brother, who in some societies may
pass along inheritance to the sister's children or succession to a sister's son.
With
patrilineal descent, individuals belong to their father's descent group.
Societies with the
Iroquois kinship system, are typically uniliineal, while the Iroquois proper
are specifically matrilineal.
A lineage is a descent group that can demonstrate their common descent from a
known
apical ancestor. Unilineal lineages can be matrilineal or patrilineal,
depending on whether they are traced through mothers or fathers, respectively.
Whether matrilineal or patrilineal descent is considered most significant
differs from culture to culture. A
clan is a descent
group that claims common descent from an apical ancestor (but often cannot
demonstrate it, or "stipulated descent"). If a clan's apical ancestor is
nonhuman, it is called a
totem.
incest
-sexual intercourse between close relatives as defined by a
cultural jurisdiction and social taboo
exogamy
-marriage outside of a specified group
endogamy
-marriage within a specified group
negative marriage rule
-designation of who individuals cannot marry
positive marriage rule
-designation of who individuals can marry
partilocality
-married couple and subsequent family live with the groom's
family
matrilocality
-married couple and subsequent family live with bride's
family
neolocality
-married couple and subsequent family live in new territory,
separate of either family
bridewealth
-possessions paid to the bride's family from a groom for the
right to marry their daughter
dowry
-possessions paid to the groom from a bride's family to
establish a new household
monogamy
-marriage between a set pair of individuals
polygamy
-marriage between a man and multiple women
polyandry
-marriage between a woman and multiple men
sororate marriage
-marriage between a man and his wife's sister (often
determined by social necessity)
levrite marriage
-marriage between a woman and her husband's brother (often
determined by social necessity)
genitor
-biological father
pater
-social father
family of orientation
-family into which individuals are born into (often
considered from the perspective of children)
family of procreation
-family which is created by marriage or sexual relations
(often considered from the perspective of parents)
animism
-simple religious belief in universal possession of souls
(i.e. everything has a soul and all living things can perpetuate life)
mana
-natural force contained within all things and constitutes
the soul, often the origins of "magic"
magic
-invocation of religious beliefs or ceremonies to affect the
physical world
totemism
-religious belief that a spiritual being or animal shares
kinship with a familial group
shamanistic religion
-religious belief that some individuals communicate with the
spiritual world and can be sought out for assistance on an individual basis
communal religion
-religion of a group with no defined practices or
practitioners
Olympian religion
-religion with defined practices and a full time priest
monotheistic religion
-Olympian religion with a single deity
cargo cults
-sects of a submissive community that carry parts of their
original religion or culture into the newly established religion
revitalization movement
-movement to reinstall faith or enthusiasm in the members of
a religion
world system/core/semi-periphery/periphery
core
-industrialized countries that determine the economy of the
surrounding countries; wealthiest countries and highest level of production
semi-periphery
-relatively industrialized countries that process raw
materials of periphery countries and sell them to core countries
perophery
-unindustrialized countries that collect and provide raw
materials to core countries or semi-periphery; often subsistence farming
practiced